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Examining the negative effects on the economies of oil-exporting Arab countries as a result of the current imbalance in the international monetary system, this paper finds that the imbalance is mainly represented in the continuation of the dollar as the central reserve currency of the Gulf States. As long as this imbalance exists, it postulates, the surpluses achieved by these countries in their balance of foreign payments ends up as dollar-denominated reserves deposited in the US government treasury or as US bonds. In other words, as loans countries with financial surpluses Gulf States give to the richest economy in the world in return for meager interest rates instead of investing them in high-yielding productive projects that could increase demand in the global economy, drive up employment rates, and help protect against crises and instability. This study aims to start a debate about the need for the Gulf countries to take part in efforts to reform the international monetary system, and join developing nations that spend on infrastructure and sustainable development instead of on defense. This paper sees such a move as ensuring that the Gulf States would then participate in reforming global governance and the development of the international monetary system. Gulf countries should seriously consider joining the New Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Bank, as well as establish a trans-regional bank between Asian and Arab countries, as a more advanced step.

Beside the military and external challenges, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are facing serious domestic non-conventional challenges, i.e., the demands of political reform, social mobilization, demographic imbalance, environmental deterioration, resource depletion, the transformation and diversification in post-oil economy, terrorism and radicalization etc. In particular one of these new kinds of threats has started to be significant in the last decade. The massive immigration and demographic imbalance between local citizens and foreign residents in countries like the U.A.E, 10 percent; Qatar, 15 percent. This imbalance and the massive immigration into the GCC countries increased the vulnerability of these states, especially since it relates to other critical security issues such as human security (food security for example, in UAE is an example, the country import almost 95 percent of its food consuming) radicalization, energy security, and domestic unrest especially after 2011.

Palestine Over Two Months Between Septemper 1, 2018 - October 31, 2018.

يأتي كتاب لوسيان بويا، "نهاية الغرب؟ نحو عالم الغد"، في ثمانية عشرة فصلًا، تناول فيها العديد من المسائل التي تواجه الغرب وتضع هيمنته محل الاختبار مستقبلًا، من هجرة وتنوع ثقافي وعرقي، واحتباس حراري، وصعود الصين قوةً عالمية، وتراجع الغرب أيضًا وابتعاده عن المكانة التي كان يحتلها سابقًا. يحمل كتاب بويا عنوان كتاب وضعه الكاتب والصحافي الفرنسي، هارفيه كيمف يعالج مجموعة من القضايا التي تواجه الحضارة الغربية المعاصرة، مثل الاحتباس الحراري والتدهور البيئي وتزايد التفاوت بين الدول وداخلها، لكنه يعِد بمستقبل متفائل لأوروبا لأنها الأكثر اعتدالًا وعدلًا والأقل عدوانية من القوى العالمية الأخرى.

Book Title: The Question of the Syrian Kurds: Fact, History, Myth [Arabic]

Illegal immigration is one of the key threats faced by European countries mid-way through the first decade of the new millennium. The continued flow of vast numbers of migrants by both legal and illegal means has triggered phobias and racism in European societies. European governments have tried to deal with the issue by taking a security approach, recruiting all possible manner of oppressive police methods and deterrence laws to tackle the phenomenon. The issue of migration has now become fully 'securitized.' The migration issue began as the result of several internal and external factors. The external factors included the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2011 and their role in promoting accusations of terrorisms against Muslims, who account for a large proportion of migrants bound for Europe. Internal factors include exploitation of the migration phenomenon by far-right parties that seek to link migration to negative phenomena like organized crime and terrorism. This had a correspondingly negative effect on the rights of migrants, which are stipulated in international conventions and treaties. Foremost of these is the right to political asylum, an essential right that has since come under severe restriction by European countries that seek to fully eliminate it. Securitizing migration has also impacted relations between migrants and host societies, which have grown increasingly xenophobic, rejecting everything foreign and rallying around nationalist slogans, giving credence to claims of a 'clash of civilization.

​عنوان الكتاب: نهاية مرحلة: كيف يقوّض الإحياء السلطوي للصين صعودها. عنوان الكتاب في لغته: End of an Era: How China's Authoritarian Revival is Undermining Its Rise المؤلف: كارل مينزنر Carl Minzner مكان النشر: نيويورك. الناشر: Oxford University Press تاريخ النشر: 2018. عدد الصفحات: 296 صفحة.

This presentation reviews the development of public administration research in the Arab world and its relationship to public policies, with a focus on research that relied on studying the development of the field in the US experience. It suggests that the political, economic and social environment, as well as values remain essential determinants of academic and practical work in public administration, and that the pursuit of global frameworks and models remains subject to an understanding of environmental factors. The same applies to the field of public policy. Siyasat Arabiya thus devoted this special issue to shed light on the field of public administration and public policies in the Arab world. It presented comparative perspectives of the status of public administration research and public policies, with a view to asking questions, inviting researchers and those interested in public administration in the Arab region to consider issues and research methodologies in matters of public affairs, and calling for the development of a research and teaching agenda that engages with points of intellectual and methodological discord that characterize the field in the West.

​Using a realist approach, this study explains the development of international institutions in the Arab system, taking the Arab League and the Arab Monetary Fund as case studies. It puts to the test realist assumptions regarding states as major actors in the international system and examines how the principle of chaos and the absence of central authority affect their behaviour. In this context, the prisoner's dilemma is used as a mirror for security interactions and chaotic structures in the Arab and international systems. The study shows that realist assumptions are not sufficient to explain the development of Arab institutions; they need to be modified to explain the variation in international behaviour in the region. The conclusions of the paper are based on an analysis of the reward environment in which Arab countries interact, and its division into a security-military sphere and a political-economic sphere.

This special issue focuses on academic discussions in the field of water cooperation and diplomacy, which have garnered increased attention in recent decades due to growing threats to the use of shared water resources. The contributions in this special issue aim to understand the challenges of transboundary water cooperation and its prospects in the Arab region. The materials illustrate how water cooperation in the Arab region is essential, necessitating more engaged strategies in water diplomacy and regional collaboration. Arab countries have recently been affected by external dominance policies imposed by neighbouring countries regarding water, often struggling to find appropriate responses. The evolution of international water law has not been sufficient to effectively resolve conflicts between countries. However, this issue also highlights that water diplomacy alone is insufficient to address the multifaceted water issues in the region. Many of these problems stem from decades of failure to develop sustainable water management at the local level.